ایده های سایمون در رایتینگ آیلتس | کتاب ایده های آقای سایمون

Positives of Advertising

Advertising is a key part of modern business.

Companies need to tell customers about their products.

Advertisements inform us about the choices we have.

Advertising is a creative industry that employs many people.

Without advertising, we would have less choice.

Without advertising, there would be higher unemployment.

Advertising is a form of modern art.

People enjoy adverts.

Negatives of Advertising

Advertising manipulates people.

It aims to persuade people that buying a product will make them happier.

Advertisers focus on selling a brand image.

They use glamorous, successful people.

We now live in a consumer culture.

We are persuaded to follow the latest trends.

We are encouraged to associate certain brands with a higher status.

Advertisers often aim their marketing at children.

Children can easily be influenced by advertisements.

Children put pressure on parents to buy them things.

Opinions about Advertising

Advertising should be regulated.

Advertising aimed at children should be controlled or even banned.

Unhealthy foods should not be marketed in a way that attracts children.

Products that can be a risk to health should display warnings.

In some countries, it is illegal to advertise cigarettes on television.

Warnings must be displayed on cigarette packets.

However, advertising is necessary for free-market economies.

It creates demand for products.

Governments should only censor false information or products that are harmful.

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Arguments for Animal Testing

Animals are used in important scientific research.

It is necessary to do medical tests on new drugs.

Animal testing helps to advance medical and scientific knowledge.

Many important medical discoveries involved experimentation on animals.

Researchers aim to minimize the suffering that animals experience.

Testing for the cosmetics industry is now banned in many countries.

Arguments against Animal Testing

The benefits of research using animals do not justify the suffering caused.

There are alternative methods of research.

The lives of animals should be respected.

Humans have no moral right to do experiments on animals.

Arguments for Vegetarianism

Vegetarians do not eat foods that are produced by killing animals.

Many people choose a vegetarian diet for moral or health reasons.

A healthy diet is possible without eating meat.

It is unnecessary to kill animals for food.

A vegetarian diet may reduce the risk of diseases like cancer.

Many people question the treatment of animals in factory farms.

Arguments against Vegetarianism.

Vegetarians do not eat a balanced diet.

In many cultures, meat is the main ingredient in traditional meals.

Meat-eaters argue that animals are below humans in the food chain.

It is completely natural for us to kill them for food.

Our aim should be to improve farming methods.

Farms should produce organic food.

Positives of Zoos

Zoos play an important role in wildlife conservation.

They can help to protect endangered species.

Zoos allow scientists to study animals and their behavior.

Zoos are educational, interesting, and fun.

Children, in particular, enjoy learning about animals.

Zoos provide job opportunities.

Negatives of Zoos

Zoo animals are kept in artificial environments.

They are kept in cages or have limited space.

Zoo animals rely on humans.

They lose the freedom to hunt for food.

The best way to save endangered species is by protecting natural habitats.

Some people believe that zoos are unethical.

Zoos exhibit animals with the aim of making money.

We have no right to use animals for entertainment and profit.

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Reasons for Urbanization

People move to cities in search of job opportunities.

Cities offer greater employment possibilities and a higher standard of living.

People migrate to cities from the countryside.

Traditional activities like farming need fewer workers nowadays.

Negatives of City Life

Life in cities has its drawbacks.

The cost of living is higher than in rural areas.

Some people do not manage to find work.

Housing is usually much more expensive.

Homelessness and poverty are common in cities.

There is a gap between the rich and the poor.

Life in cities can be extremely stressful.

There are problems like traffic congestion and crime.

Cities lack a sense of community.

People do not even know their neighbors.

Cities are sometimes described as “concrete jungles”.

Pedestrian Areas

Pedestrian zones in city centers can improve the local environment.

Banning cars encourages people to walk or cycle.

Many European cities have built bicycle lanes.

Dependence on cars is linked to health problems like obesity.

People who walk or cycle regularly are generally healthier.

Pedestrian areas are safer and more attractive for both residents and tourists.

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Benefits of Education

Education gives people knowledge and skills.

People with qualifications are more likely to find work.

They can earn a higher salary.

They can contribute positively to society.

Schools aim to teach young people moral values such as tolerance and sharing.

Schools prepare children to be members of society.

Benefits of Studying Abroad

Foreign institutions may offer better courses.

Many students want to attend a prestigious university.

Qualifications gained abroad can open the door to better job opportunities.

Living abroad can broaden students’ horizons.

Overseas students are exposed to different cultures and customs.

They become more independent.

They are responsible for cooking, cleaning, and paying bills.

They will learn a foreign language.

Many students choose to study abroad because there are greater opportunities in a particular foreign country. Foreign universities may offer better facilities or courses. They may also be more prestigious than universities in the student’s own country and have teachers who are experts in their fields. Therefore, by studying abroad, students can expand their knowledge and gain qualifications that open the door to better job opportunities.

A period of study abroad can also broaden students’ horizons. In the new country, they will have to live and work with other students of various nationalities. Thus, overseas students are exposed to different cultures, customs, and points of view. At the same time, students who study abroad need to learn to look after themselves without the support of relatives. It may be the first time that many young adults have lived alone with the responsibilities of cooking, cleaning, and paying bills. Furthermore, most overseas students have to do all of this while learning a foreign language. Overall, these experiences all help to expand students’ understanding of the world around them.

Drawbacks of Studying Abroad

Living and studying abroad can be difficult.

Students have problems with paperwork such as visa applications.

The language barrier can be a problem.

Students have to find accommodation and pay bills.

Studying in a foreign language is challenging.

Living alone in an unfamiliar culture can cause homesickness.

However, living and studying abroad can be difficult for several reasons. Firstly, many students have problems with paperwork such as visa applications and medical forms. They often have to translate their qualification certificates and register with embassies. Secondly, the language barrier can be a problem when students have to find accommodation and pay bills. They may also have to take tests in a foreign language before they can start a course. Studying in a foreign language is challenging and stressful. Finally, living alone in an unfamiliar culture can cause homesickness.

Technology in Education: Advantages

Technology is a powerful tool to engage students.

Technology can make lessons much more interesting.

Students can do research using online resources.

Students can study at their own pace.

Adults can take distance learning courses.

Students can study whenever and wherever they want.

Students also learn skills that are useful for their future jobs.

For example, they learn to write reports using a word processor.

Technology in Education: Disadvantages

We don’t have internet access in some places.

Their handwriting and spelling may suffer.

People should be able to write a letter by hand.

Technology is no substitute for a real teacher.

Learners need a structured course.

An experienced teacher knows what materials to choose.

Computers are expensive to maintain and can be unreliable.

Technology in Education: Opinion

Institutions should supplement traditional teaching with the use of technology.

Technology is part of everyday life.

It can enhance a teacher’s lessons.

Students can use online resources to help with homework.

Students must still learn to write by hand.

They should still use traditional sources of information such as books.

Education in Developing Countries: Problems

Children often have to work from an early age.

There are not enough schools in many areas.

Families do not have access to books or computers.

Literacy rates are often low.

People in developing countries need knowledge and skills.

Education is the key to improving the economy of these countries.

Education in Developing Countries: Solutions

Developed countries could help developing nations by providing money.

They could invest in schools and technology.

They could supply the funds to build schools and pay for teachers.

The Internet can expose students to a world of knowledge and information.

Governments should make education compulsory for all children.

They should encourage parents to send their children to school.

Higher Education: Advantages (also see “Benefits of Education”)

Economies are becoming increasingly knowledge-based.

Repetitive manual jobs are now done by machines.

Higher Education: Disadvantages

A healthy economy needs a wide range of workers.

Their services are therefore becoming more and more expensive.

Advantages of Home-Schooling

Some parents decide to educate their children at home.

Some families live in isolated areas with poor transport.

Other parents are not satisfied with local schools.

Parents can respond to what their children need and how they learn best.

One-to-one lessons allow much faster progress.

Discipline problems are avoided by home-schooling.

Disadvantages of Home-Schooling

Most parents do not have the time to educate their children at home.

School subjects are normally taught by up to ten different teachers.

Most parents do not have the necessary knowledge or resources.

They miss out on the social experience that school offers.

Children lose the freedom to play with other students

Bad Behaviour in Schools: Causes

Large classes are difficult to manage.

Many disruptive students come from unstable family backgrounds.

Other parents are too lenient and spoil their children and are used to getting whatever they want.

Bad Behaviour in Schools: Solutions

Schools need a clear set of rules about behavior.

Teachers must have the power to punish disruptive students.

Schools should remove difficult children from lessons.

Schools need to be in close contact with parents.

Schools can do very little if they are not supported by parents.

Corporal Punishment: Opinion

Physical punishment is a way of controlling children using fear.

This does not promote trust between adults and children.

Children can become shy or resentful.

Single-Sex Education: Advantages

This is often for religious or cultural reasons.

Boys and girls may learn in different ways and have different needs.

Single-Sex Education: Disadvantages

A mixed-sex environment is more representative of real life.

Coeducational schools provide children with better social skills for adult life.

Advantages of streaming (grouping children according to ability)

Teachers can work at the right speed for their students.

High-level groups may progress faster.

Disadvantages of Streaming

Grouping by ability may have a negative impact on students.

Children do not want to be seen as less intelligent than others.

Streaming could damage students’ self-esteem.

They may lose motivation.

Students from wealthier families tend to be better prepared.

Children from poorer families may receive less support from their parents.

Mixed ability classes encourage everyone to achieve their potential.

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The job of the police is to catch criminals.

They must also prevent crime and make communities safer.

There should be an increase in the number of police officers on the streets.

Police officers should be seen as part of the community.

They should be involved with education and prevention.

The police should be in close contact with schools.

They should focus on young students who have dropped out of school.

These teenagers may become involved with gangs.

Punishments / Prisons

Fines are used as punishment for minor crimes.

If the crime is more serious, prison is the most common punishment.

Some criminals pose a threat to society.

They are put in prison to ensure the safety of other citizens.

Negatives of Prisons

Criminals are put together.

They make friends with other offenders.

Many prisoners re-offend when they are released.

A criminal record makes finding a job more difficult.

Rehabilitation

Another aim of prisons is rehabilitation.

Prisoners receive education or vocational training.

Prisoners should learn personal skills and specific job skills.

Punishment could make prisoners’ behavior worse.

Rehabilitation aims to make them better citizens.

Rehabilitated prisoners are less likely to re-offend.

Capital Punishment

Supporters say that capital punishment deters crime.

Fear of the death penalty stops people from committing offenses.

The death penalty shows that crime is not tolerated.

It is a form of revenge.

The cost of imprisonment is avoided.

The offender cannot pose a threat to others.

Against Capital Punishment

Innocent people could be wrongly convicted and executed.

Crime rates are not necessarily reduced.

Many criminals do not think they will be caught.

Capital punishment is not a good deterrent.

Executing prisoners creates a violent culture and encourages revenge.

We have no right to take another human life.

Community Service

Community service is a way to reform offenders.

It could be a solution to prison overcrowding.

The cost of imprisonment is avoided.

It makes offenders useful in their local communities.

They are required to clean streets or talk to school groups.

Offenders repay their community.

They avoid the negative influence that prison can have.

Against Community Service

Community service is not sufficient punishment.

Criminals should be locked up, away from their victims.

Crime in the Media

Crime is one of the main subjects of most news programs.

The mass media focus on violent and sensational crimes.

This leads to fear of crime among the public.

Sensational stories attract more viewers or readers.

The media report crime stories in order to increase their audience.

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Global Warming

Gases such as carbon dioxide trap heat from the sun.

This causes global temperatures to rise.

This process is known as the greenhouse effect.

Human activity is a major factor in the rise of greenhouse gases.

Factories and vehicles produce emissions and exhaust fumes.

Many developing countries are becoming industrialized.

The number of cars on our streets is growing.

Cheap air travel is allowing more people to fly.

Effects of Global Warming

Global warming will have a significant impact on our planet.

Rising temperatures will cause the melting of the polar ice caps.

Sea levels will rise.

We can expect more extreme weather conditions.

Flooding and droughts may become more common.

Impact of Humans on the Environment

The increasing world population is putting pressure on natural resources.

Fossil fuels like oil and gas are running out.

We are destroying wildlife habitats.

We have cut down enormous areas of rainforest.

This has led to the extinction of many species of animals and plants.

Solutions to Environment Problems

Governments could introduce laws to limit emissions from factories.

They should invest in renewable energy from solar, wind, or water power.

They could impose “green taxes” on drivers and airline companies.

Government campaigns should promote recycling.

Natural areas and wild animals should be protected.

Individuals should also try to be greener.

We should take fewer flights abroad for holidays.

We should take public transport rather than drive.

We should choose products with less packaging.

We should recycle as much as possible.

Waste / Rubbish

The amount of waste we produce has increased.

This problem is a result of our consumer culture.

Products are not made to last.

If something breaks, we throw it away and buy a new one.

Advertisers encourage us to buy the newest fashions.

Packaging is an important part of selling.

Most foods are sold in non-biodegradable plastic packaging.

The amount of household waste is growing.

This waste ends up in landfill sites.

Litter

People do not think about the consequences of dropping rubbish.

They assume that somebody is paid to clean the streets.

Plastic packaging does not break down easily.

Most of the litter seen on the streets is fast food packaging.

Recycling and Other Solutions

Companies should make goods that last longer.

They should not use so much packaging.

Governments should be stricter about waste produced by companies.

They should put legal limits on the packaging.

Consumers should avoid buying over-packaged products.

We should recycle and reuse useful materials.

There are collection banks for glass, paper, and plastic bottles.

Households can use several rubbish bins to separate waste.

Recycling saves energy and raw materials.

Nuclear Power: Positives

There are several benefits to building more nuclear power stations.

Fossil fuels like oil and gas are running out.

Nuclear power is a relatively sustainable energy source.

It can be used to produce electricity without wasting natural resources.

It could replace the use of natural resources like coal, oil, or gas.

Nuclear power stations are cleaner than fossil fuel power stations.

They could help to reduce carbon emissions that cause global warming.

The risks of accidents are being reduced.

Nuclear power stations have several benefits. Firstly, nuclear power is a relatively sustainable energy source, meaning that it can be used to produce electricity without wasting limited natural resources like coal, oil, or gas. Secondly, nuclear power stations are cleaner than fossil fuel power stations and could help to reduce carbon emissions that cause global warming. Finally, with improvements in nuclear technology, the risk of accidents is being reduced. As a result, many countries are now considering nuclear power as a solution to high oil and gas prices, increasing demand for electricity, and worries about pollution and climate change.

Nuclear Power: Negatives

Opponents of nuclear power worry about the safety of power stations.

The building of new nuclear power stations is unpopular.

Nobody wants to live near one.

Nuclear waste disposal is a significant problem.

There is currently no way to decontaminate radioactive material.

People worry that terrorists could steal radioactive materials.

It is safer to produce energy from solar, wind, or water power.

On the other hand, opponents of nuclear power worry about the safety of power stations. The Chernobyl disaster was an example of the dangers of a nuclear accident, and safety fears mean that the building of new nuclear power stations is unpopular; nobody wants to live near one. Apart from the risk of accidents, nuclear waste disposal is a significant problem as there is currently no way to decontaminate radioactive material. Waste has to be contained and stored, which is expensive and raises security issues. Another worry is that terrorists could steal radioactive materials and use them in a bomb.

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Family Size

Families in many countries are not as large as they used to be.

We tend to live in small nuclear families rather than large extended families.

Parents tend to have fewer children.

Young children are no longer expected to work.

Nowadays both parents often work.

It costs so much to bring children up.

It is more difficult to raise a large family.

Working Parents (also see “Gender” topic)

Children and their parents seem to be less close nowadays.

Parents spend less time with their children.

Women traditionally stayed at home to cook, clean, and look after children.

Nowadays both parents often work full time.

Children may be left alone, or with nannies or babysitters.

Busy parents have less contact with their children.

Many families no longer eat meals together.

Children spend more time with friends or surfing the Internet.

Negative Effects on Children

The lack of closeness in families can have a negative effect on children.

Many parents have no idea how their children spend their time.

Friends, television, and the Internet become the main influences on children’s behavior.

Teenagers are influenced by peer pressure.

Some of them join gangs.

Juvenile delinquency is on the increase.

Parents should be more involved with their children’s upbringing.

Young people need positive role models.

Divorce

In the past, divorce was unacceptable.

It was considered to be embarrassing for a family.

People stayed together for religious or family reasons.

Divorce is more socially acceptable nowadays.

It has become much more common.

Divorce can be extremely stressful.

Lone parents may face financial difficulties.

Many single parents have to rely on benefits paid by the state.

Divorce can have a negative effect on children.

Children from single-parent families are more likely to get lower grades or drop out of school.

The rise in divorce rates may be connected to some social problems.

Care for Old People

Caring for elderly people was traditionally the responsibility of families.

Adults had to look after their elderly parents.

A woman’s job was to stay at home taking care of her family.

Nowadays, fewer elderly people are looked after by their relatives.

Residential homes provide care for large numbers of elderly people.

Some families are unable to look after elderly relatives.

Families tend to be smaller these days, and women often have full-time jobs.

Care homes provide a professional service for senior citizens.

Nurses are better trained than family members.

Care for Old People: Opinion

The best form of care for the elderly depends on the family situation.

It depends on whether family members have the time and resources.

We all have a responsibility towards the older people in our society.

Governments should invest money in facilities and training for care workers.

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Gender and Education

Men and women should have access to the same educational opportunities.

Males and females should be accepted onto courses according to their abilities.

It is wrong to discriminate against students because of their gender.

Gender should be irrelevant in education.

Students’ achievements should depend on hard work and individual merit.

In the UK, there are similar numbers of male and female students in higher education.

Gender and Work

Men and women should have access to the same professional opportunities.

Both men and women should be able to pursue a career.

They should earn equal salaries.

They should be employed according to their abilities, qualifications, and experience.

Traditionally, women have been restricted to certain roles.

They were often employed as secretaries or receptionists.

Nowadays, a range of occupations is available to both sexes.

Career success depends on individual merit.

Women’s and Men’s Role in the Family

Some people argue that a mother should not work.

She should stay at home and bring up her children.

The father should be the breadwinner of the family.

Others believe that both parents should share these responsibilities.

Working women can take maternity leave during and after pregnancy.

Many mothers continue to work after this period.

Many fathers and mothers share their parenting and domestic responsibilities.

They contribute equally to childcare, cooking, and cleaning.

Some women may have better career prospects than their husbands.

Paternity leave and “househusbands” are becoming more common.

Traditional gender roles are gradually changing.

Families can divide roles and responsibilities in the most convenient way.

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Positives of Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering is the practice of manipulating the genes of an organism.

It is used to produce crops that are more resistant to insects and diseases.

Some genetically modified crops grow more quickly.

Some drugs and vaccines are produced by genetic engineering.

It may become possible to change humans’ genetic characteristics.

Scientists may use genetic engineering to cure diseases.

Inherited illnesses would no longer exist.

Genes could be changed before a baby is born.

It could also be possible to clone human organs.

We could all have replacement body parts.

Humans could live longer, healthier lives.

From a medical perspective, human genetic engineering opens the door to some incredible possibilities. Scientists may be able to cure diseases and make us immune to viruses. Inherited illnesses would no longer exist because the genes causing them could be changed before a baby is born. It could also be possible to clone human organs. In this way, a person who needs a heart, liver, or kidney transplant, for example, could be given a healthy copy of the organ, cloned from their own cells. We could all have replacement body parts made, to be used if we have an accident or illness. It is clear that this kind of technology would allow humans to live longer, healthier lives.

Negatives of Genetic Engineering

There are ethical concerns about human genetic engineering.

Parents might want to choose their children’s characteristics.

This would be unnatural.

It would be unacceptable in most religions.

Soldiers could be cloned from the genes of the strongest people.

Clones might be used like robots to do certain jobs.

Clones might even be developed just for organ replacements.

Society and human evolution would change completely.

Currently, human genetic engineering is prohibited.

However, there are some serious ethical concerns about human genetic engineering and cloning. Opponents of these technologies worry that parents will be able to choose their children’s characteristics, like height, hair colour and even intelligence. They argue that this would be unnatural, and it would be unacceptable in most religions. People are also afraid that cloning could go even further, with whole armies of soldiers cloned from the genes of the strongest or fastest people. This raises the human rights issue of whether clones would be produced and used like robots to do certain jobs. It has been suggested that clones might even be made to supply organ replacements.

Genetically-Modified (GM) Foods: Advantages

Farmers can produce crops that grow bigger and faster.

Some GM crops are more resistant to disease or insects.

This could be important for food production in developing countries.

Faster growing cereals, fruit, and vegetables will mean more profit.

GM foods can be modified to look perfect.

They may be more attractive to customers.

Genetically-Modified (GM) Foods: Disadvantages

There may be risks involved in the genetic engineering of foods.

GM crops might change whole ecosystems.

Food chains could be broken if crops are resistant to predators.

Organic foods are produced without chemicals or genetic modification.

Organic farming may be slower and more expensive.

However, the environment is not damaged by fertilizers or pesticides.

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Problems in Developing Countries

Developing countries face a range of problems.

Standards of healthcare and education are low.

Life expectancy is usually lower than in developed countries.

There is a lack of infrastructure, employment, and good-quality housing.

Many people are forced to live in poverty.

Food, drinking water, and basic medicines are in short supply.

How to Help Developing Countries

The best form of help for developing countries is development aid.

Richer nations can help by investing in long-term projects.

Governments and charities can help by building new houses and schools.

Globalization may also help developing countries.

Multi-national companies are creating jobs in developing countries.

On the other hand, many people emigrate to find work in richer countries.

They often send money back home to their families.

This money helps to improve the standard of living in developing countries.

Immigration

Some people move to another country in search of a better life.

Many immigrants come from less developed countries.

Richer, industrialized countries may offer opportunities for employment.

Free healthcare and schooling are available in some developed countries.

Other people migrate to a foreign country to improve their academic qualifications.

Positives of Immigration and Multi-Cultural Societies

From an economic perspective, immigration can be extremely positive.

Many immigrants have skills that are needed in the country they move to.

Immigrants who find work contribute to the economy of their new country.

Many immigrants send money home to help family members.

Immigration also creates cultural diversity.

People of many different nationalities learn to live together.

This can help people to become more open-minded and tolerant.

From an economic perspective, immigration can be extremely positive. Many immigrants have skills that are needed in the country they move to. For example, countries sometimes lack key workers like doctors and nurses, and immigration is therefore encouraged. Immigrants who find work contribute to the economy of their new country with the skills they bring and the taxes they pay. At the same time, many immigrants send money to help family members in their home country, therefore helping to boost that economy too. From a social point of view, immigration has various benefits. First and foremost, immigration creates cultural diversity. The inhabitants of a country find themselves mixing with people of many different nationalities. This can help people to become more open-minded and tolerant.

Negatives of Immigration

Some people believe that immigrants take jobs that should go to local people.

Some immigrant workers work longer hours for less money.

Companies might pay lower salaries to immigrant workers.

Unemployment rates could rise if there are too many immigrants.

On the other hand, some people argue that immigrants take jobs that should go to local people, causing higher rates of unemployment. This can happen if companies are allowed to pay lower salaries to immigrant workers. Local people may find that companies prefer to employ foreign workers who will work longer hours for less money. Unemployment rates could also arise if there are too many immigrants and not enough jobs.

Opinions about Immigration

Immigration can help the economy of a country.

It can create multi-cultural societies.

However, immigration needs to be controlled.

In many countries, immigrants need visas or work permits.

Governments should stop companies from exploiting immigrant workers.

Foreign and local workers should have the right to equal pay and conditions.

Positives of Globalisation

Business is becoming increasingly international.

Multi-national companies do business across the world.

Companies like MacDonald’s can be seen on high streets in most cities.

Goods are produced in one country and sold in many others.

A global economy means free trade between countries.

This can strengthen political relationships.

Globalization can also create opportunities for employment.

It encourages investment in less developed countries.

It could reduce poverty in the developing world.

Negatives of Globalisation

Globalization is not always beneficial to everyone.

Companies can move to countries where labor is cheap.

This creates redundancies or job losses.

Employees cannot be confident that they have stable jobs.

Companies sometimes exploit their employees in developing countries.

Global trade creates more waste and pollution.

The Future of Globalisation

There should be global regulations for salaries and working conditions.

Governments should impose laws to protect the environment.

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What governments can do

Governments provide public services like healthcare and education.

They support people who are living in poverty or unable to work.

Governments raise money by taxing working people.

They can spend money on resources and campaigns.

They can introduce new laws.

They can impose taxes.

They can raise people’s awareness of issues (e.g. climate change/healthy eating).

They can influence people’s habits and opinions.

They can create jobs.

They can regulate the activities of companies such as banks.

They can provide resources for schools.

They are also responsible for the security and well-being of their citizens.

They control armed forces and police forces.

Public Services

Governments pay the salaries of public sector workers like police officers and teachers.

The necessary money is raised by taxing people’s income.

Free education and healthcare may be provided by the state.

Some governments control public transport systems and even TV channels.

In other countries, these services are provided by private companies.

Some people believe that competition between private companies is good.

It helps to improve quality while bringing prices down.

Other people think that essential services should be free.

Governments should pay for them.

Censorship: Opinion

Governments can censor what the public sees or reads in the media.

To a certain extent, censorship is necessary.

We should use censorship to protect children from violent images.

Some computer games involve killing people or committing crimes.

The Internet also needs to be controlled.

Many websites show pornography and violence.

There should be age limits for websites and computer games.

Parents need to take responsibility for checking what their children watch.

It is impossible for governments to control everything we see.

Video Cameras in Public Places

The use of CCTV is becoming widespread.

Video cameras have been installed in many public places.

They are supposed to protect us and deter criminals.

Many people think that this surveillance violates our privacy.

The authorities could build databases with our pictures and identities.

We should not be treated as criminals.

Smart Cards: Positives

Governments will probably introduce a digital identification card system.

Smart cards will have benefits and drawbacks.

They could help to reduce crime.

They could hold personal information, such as DNA.

Digital bank cards could contain fingerprint information.

It would be very difficult for criminals to use a stolen card.

It would be easier for police to identify people and catch criminals.

Smart Cards: Negatives

Many people are worried about losing their privacy.

Governments could store all our personal and medical information.

This information could be used by insurance companies.

Employers could check our health records.

People with Disabilities

People with disabilities should be treated the same as everybody else.

They should have the same rights as other people.

They should have access to the same jobs as other citizens.

Discrimination against disabled people is illegal in many countries.

Ramps and lifts for wheelchairs should be installed in public buildings.

Support teachers can be employed to help children with learning difficulties.

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Diet

The human body requires a balanced diet.

An unhealthy diet can cause various health problems.

Obesity, diabetes, and heart disease are on the increase.

Many people nowadays rely on fast food or pre-prepared meals.

These foods often contain too much fat, salt, and sugar.

They are cheap to buy and very easy to prepare.

Many young people have grown up on a diet of convenience foods.

Populations in developed countries are increasingly overweight.

Exercise

Regular exercise is essential in maintaining a healthy body.

Exercise burns calories and helps to build healthy bones and muscles.

Doctors advise exercising at least three times a week for 20 minutes.

Most people nowadays lead a sedentary lifestyle.

We tend to walk less and do desk jobs.

Most adults relax by watching television.

Children play video games rather than doing outdoor sports.

In the past, people were more active in their jobs and at home.

Governments’ Role

Governments have a significant role to play in reducing obesity.

More and more people, including young children, are seriously overweight.

They are at risk of heart disease and diabetes.

This situation will increase the burden on hospitals and taxpayers.

Hospitals rely on the government for money and resources.

Governments should promote a healthy diet and regular exercise.

There should be more time for sport on school timetables.

Unhealthy junk food should be banned from school menus.

People need information about what foods contain.

Food packaging must show the food’s nutritional content.

The British Government recommends eating five portions of fruit and vegetables per day.

State Health Systems: Advantages

Good healthcare should be available to everyone for free.

State healthcare is paid by the government using money from taxes.

Everyone has access to the same quality of care and treatment.

Private healthcare is unfair because only wealthy people can afford it.

The National Health Service in the UK provides free healthcare for every resident.

Private Healthcare: Advantages

State hospitals are often very large and difficult to run.

Private hospitals have shorter waiting lists for operations and appointments.

Patients can benefit from faster treatment.

Many people prefer to pay for more personal service.

Patients have their own room and more comfortable facilities.

Alternative Medicine: Positives

People are increasingly using alternative medicines to treat illnesses.

For example, acupuncture can be used to treat backache.

Herbal medicines can be used to treat allergies or viruses.

Many patients report positive experiences with these treatments.

Some traditional cures have been used for hundreds of years.

Alternative Medicine: Negatives

Many alternative medicines have not been tested scientifically.

They may have no beneficial effects at all.

They may cause unknown side effects.

People should trust the opinions of qualified doctors.

An illness could get worse without treatment from a doctor.

Stress

Modern lifestyles are increasingly stressful.

People work long hours with strict deadlines.

Our busy lifestyles mean we have less time to relax.

Unemployment is a major cause of stress.

Children may be affected by their parents’ relationship problems.

Tests and exams can also cause stress.

How to Reduce Stress

Stress can be reduced by taking regular exercise and eating a healthy diet.

It is also important to get sufficient sleep and make leisure time a priority.

People should work less overtime and take regular holidays.

Schools have started to employ psychologists.

They can offer emotional support to students.

They can help students to cope with exam stress.

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Example 2

State / Council Housing

In some countries, the government provides state or council housing.

This helps people who cannot afford to buy their own house.

It can be argued that state housing creates dependence on the government.

People should not rely on the government to look after them.

People have no incentive to earn money and buy their own homes.

Council properties are often made with cheap, poor-quality materials.

Old Buildings

Historic buildings are part of a country’s heritage.

They should be protected.

Old buildings are often considered to be works of art.

They give character to cities and attract tourists.

They show us how people lived in the past.

We identify countries by architectural symbols like the pyramids in Egypt.

Governments should spend money on looking after historic buildings.

They need regular repairs and maintenance.

New buildings should be designed to complement them.

Modern / Green Buildings

Modern buildings should be designed to be environmentally friendly.

They should use less energy and produce less waste.

Modern insulation can make houses more energy-efficient.

Solar and wind power can be used to generate electricity.

Rainwater and wastewater can be recycled and used to flush toilets.

Modern glass buildings take advantage of natural light.

Example 1

Language in General

English as an International Language is widely used around the world.

It is becoming a global second language.

It is the dominant language of technology, science, and international business.

International business meetings are regularly held in English.

The most important textbooks and journals are published in English.

The ability to speak English is a necessary skill in the modern world.

Negatives of English as an International Language

If one language is dominant, other languages may disappear.

The dominant language brings its own culture.

American culture has become popular around the world.

Other cultures may be damaged.

As an alternative to English, a new global language could be invented.

It would have no nationality or culture attached to it.

This could help to promote international peace and understanding.

Esperanto is an example of a language that was invented with this aim.

Example 1

Money and Society

Society has become increasingly materialistic.

People aspire to earn more money.

They want a bigger house or a better car.

We connect wealth and material possessions with happiness and success.

Brands like ‘Armani’ or ‘Mercedes’ are status symbols.

Advertising creates new desires and needs.

It persuades us to buy the latest styles.

Positives of Consumerism

Consumerism creates employment.

It helps to reduce poverty.

It encourages innovation and creativity in business.

We live in a global economy.

We have a better quality of life.

Negatives of Consumerism

Consumerist societies create more waste.

They use more natural resources.

They cause damage to the environment.

Consumerism creates a “throw-away” culture.

Advertisers tell us who we are and what we want.

Wealth does not lead to happiness.

Materialism causes greed and crime.

We should return to traditional values like sharing.

Example 1

Happiness

Happiness means different things to different people.

It can be described as a feeling of pleasure or enjoyment.

People enjoy spending time with family and friends.

Hobbies, sports, and games can be a source of fun and enjoyment.

Some people see money as a source of happiness.

Other people define happiness as something deeper.

In order to be truly happy, it is necessary to live a good life.

We need to feel that we are doing something useful with our lives.

Some people get a sense of achievement from their work.

Others find happiness in bringing up their children.

Religion or a sense of purpose can also be a source of happiness.

Success

People define success in different ways.

Some people get a sense of achievement from raising a family.

For others, success is defined by wealth or status.

We often think of rich and famous people as being successful in life.

Millionaires like Bill Gates are considered to be successful.

They have risen to the top in their chosen professions.

For some, being successful means achieving personal or professional goals.

They see success as the result of hard work.

Success in any field requires long-term planning and effort.

Nature or Nurture

Some people believe that our personalities are determined mainly by genetics.

We inherit our abilities and talents from our parents.

Others think that our education and upbringing are more important.

We develop according to the influences around us.

Our personalities and achievements depend more on nurture than nature.

Many people argue that we control our own destinies.

We can shape our own personalities.

By working hard we can achieve any goal that we put our minds to.

Many successful people are “self-made”.

We are not limited by our genetic characteristics or upbringing.

Example 1

Arguments against Professional / Competitive Sport

Sport has become a business.

Professional sport encourages people to compete for money.

Many sports stars are only concerned about money and fame.

Some athletes take drugs in order to win at any cost and they are often selfish and rude.

People should do sporting activities for enjoyment and health reasons.

People should be able to use their talents to earn a salary.

Arguments for Professional Sport

Professional sports are the same as any other business.

Many people are employed in the sports industry.

Sports stars entertain millions of people.

Arguments for Competitive Sport

Competition is a natural instinct in humans.

In daily life, we compete to get jobs or the highest grades.

Sports are a safe form of competition.

Competition is healthy because it pushes us to give our best.

Competitors and fans can release energy and aggression.

Supporters of teams feel a sense of belonging to a community.

Opinion: professional sports salaries are too high

Sports professionals earn too much money.

They do not provide a vital service.

Football players, for example, earn enormous salaries by simply kicking a ball.

We could all live happily without professional football.

Life would be difficult without doctors, engineers, and other vital professionals.

Society does not seem to value these professions as highly as a professional sport.

Sports salaries should be compatible with the wages most people earn.

Opinion: professional sports salaries are fair

It is fair that the best professionals earn a lot of money.

Sport is a multi-million-pound industry.

There is a large audience of sports fans.

Sports on television attract many viewers.

Sports stars have dedicated hours of practice to develop their fitness and skills.

Only the most talented among them will reach the top.

A sports career may only last 10 years.

Sports fans are willing to pay to support their teams.

Sport and Politics

Some people think that sport and politics should remain separate.

Governments are involved in the hosting of sporting events such as the Olympics.

These events attract investment and create jobs.

The Olympic Games are an advertisement for the host nation.

They attract huge numbers of visitors and sports fans.

Wealthy countries tend to hold these events.

Developing countries should be given the chance to become hosts.

Positives of Television

Watching television is a good way to relax.

It is many people’s favorite way to wind down after a hard day at work.

Television programs can be entertaining and enjoyable.

Viewers have access to a huge variety of entertainment channels.

Television brings the best comedians, musicians, and actors into our homes.

Programs can also be informative and educational.

News coverage makes the public aware of events around the world.

Documentaries can make learning more interesting.

Negatives of Television

Television is having a negative impact on society.

Some people link violence on television with crime rates in the real world.

Children copy the behavior they see on the screen.

Children are less healthy because they spend less time playing.

Advertisers direct their marketing to children.

Most programs do not require much thought.

Watching TV is a waste of time.

Opinions about Television

Television has many benefits.

However, it can be addictive.

Children should play outside rather than sit in front of a screen all day.

The behavior shown on TV can influence people.

Parents should choose carefully what their children watch.

Children should not be exposed to violence, swearing, or sexual images.

Advertising during children’s programs should be strictly controlled.

TV companies should make more positive, educational programs.

Positives of the Internet

There are many advantages to using the Internet.

It gives us instant access to information on almost any subject.

Shops and other services are now available online.

People can buy goods and services from the comfort of their homes.

The Internet is starting to replace other forms of entertainment.

It has revolutionized communication.

We can keep in touch by e-mail or instant messenger services.

Video messaging is becoming common for business meetings.

Negatives of the Internet

Many websites contain offensive content.

Some sites show violent or sexual images.

Parents find it difficult to control what their children see online.

They do not always know who their children are chatting to.

With so many websites it is difficult to search for good information.

Criminals increasingly use the Internet to steal people’s money.

Internet Compared to Newspapers and Books

Newspapers and books are now published online as well as in print.

We can read the news in any language from any country in the world.

It costs nothing to publish or access information on the Internet.

The Internet allows anybody to publish their own writing.

Newspaper articles and books are written by professionals.

Professionals produce better quality writing than amateurs.

People still buy newspapers and books because they are portable.

People do not like reading from a screen.

Positives of Mobile Phones

The mobile phone is the most popular gadget in today’s world.

Mobile phones have revolutionized the way we communicate.

We can stay in touch with family, friends, and colleagues wherever we are.

Users can send text messages, surf the Internet, take photos and listen to music.

Mobiles have also become fashion accessories.

Negatives of Mobile Phones

Mobile phones can be a problem in some public places.

Ringing phones cause disturbances in cinemas and school lessons.

Some people are not aware that others can hear their conversations.

Mobile phones may also interfere with electronic equipment.

Their waves could cause damage to our brains.

Mobile phones can also be a dangerous distraction.

Using a phone while driving reduces the driver’s concentration.

Mobile phones are a popular target for thieves.

Opinion about Mobile Phones

The benefits of mobile phones outweigh the drawbacks.

We need to use these phones with care.

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Example 2

Positives of Tourism

Tourism is a popular leisure activity.

People go on holiday to relax and have fun.

Tourists can experience different cultures.

They can sunbathe on beaches or go sightseeing.

Traveling abroad opens our minds.

We can learn to speak other languages.

The tourist trade is vital for some economies.

It creates employment in services like accommodation, transport, and entertainment.

Some areas rely on tourism for their income.

Tourists spend money.

Tourism attracts investment from multinational companies.

It helps to improve the standard of living.

Low-cost airlines are making it cheaper to travel abroad.

Negative Effects of Tourism

Tourism can have a negative effect on the natural environment.

The building of facilities and infrastructure can destroy the habitat of wild animals.

Beautiful beaches are spoilt by the building of hotels.

Tourism creates pollution and waste. It puts pressure on local resources.

Local traditions and cultures may be endangered.

A rise in the cost of living affects local people.

The price of goods, services, and housing may increase significantly.

The Future of Tourism

Governments should introduce laws to protect natural environments and local cultures.

Tourism should have a low impact on wildlife.

Renewable resources like solar or water power should be used.

Waste should be recycled.

Local businesses such as farms should be supported.

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Example 2

Losing Traditional Skills

Because of industrialization and global trade, many traditions have disappeared.

Global advertising encourages everyone to buy the same products.

Most products are now made in factories.

Machinery has replaced skilled human labor.

Factory work is boring and leaves people feeling unfulfilled.

Goods are produced very quickly and in large numbers.

Products are cheaper, which means that more people can buy them.

Examples

Clothes are mass-produced in standard sizes.

People wear similar clothes, rather than traditional costumes.

Jeans and T-shirts are now worn throughout the world.

Historic buildings took skilled craftsmen years to build.

Modern concrete, steel, and glass buildings are built in only weeks or months.

There are fewer people who can create hand-made goods.

Traditional Customs

Traditional customs are still important during weddings and religious festivals.

People wear traditional costumes and eat special foods.

It is important to maintain our different cultural identities.

We should celebrate festivals, teach traditional skills and protect historic places.

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Example 2

The benefits of staying in the same job for life:

Employees have a stable career with one employer.

They have a good pension and health insurance.

Their salaries gradually increase.

They may be promoted within the organization.

They demonstrate loyalty.

Experienced staff can be trusted with more responsibility.

They become part of a team.

There is a clearly defined path for development.

The benefits of not staying in the same job:

People often change jobs in order to further their careers.

Another company may offer a promotion or a higher salary.

People who change jobs can gain experience.

They can learn different skills.

Changing jobs is interesting and challenging.

People can retrain in a different occupation.

In a fast-changing world, workers need to be flexible.

People need to develop a range of experience and skills.

Self-employment

Nowadays, it is easy to set up a company.

The Internet provides a global marketplace.

Self-employment offers greater freedom than working for a company.

However, there are risks to starting a new business.

Self-employed people may face financial difficulties.

Many businesses fail to make a profit.

There is less stability in self-employment.

There are no benefits like pensions, sick pay, or holiday pay.

Self-employment involves hard work, long hours, and total responsibility.

Unemployment

Unemployment is a big problem for individuals, communities, and society.

Some people are unable to find a job.

They may not have a sufficient level of education or qualifications.

They may find themselves homeless.

Unemployment causes frustration and stress.

Jobless people may become involved in crime as a means to get money.

The unemployed need careers advice.

Governments need to provide vocational courses and retraining.

Unemployment Benefits: Positives

Some governments pay unemployment benefits in order to help jobless people.

Unemployed people need financial support until they find a new job.

By claiming benefits they can continue to pay for their homes.

The benefits system helps to reduce poverty, homelessness, and crime.

Unemployment Benefits: Negatives

Some people claim benefits rather than working.

They become dependent on the government.

They are not motivated to find a job.

The benefits system is a burden on taxpayers.

All citizens should work to earn a living and support themselves.

Receiving benefits affects people’s self-esteem.

Work / Life Balance

It is important to achieve a balance between work time and leisure or family time.

Too much work can result in stress and poor health.

“Workaholics” may neglect their families and friends.

People need to take regular holidays.

Companies should not expect employees to work overtime.

Nowadays, many people work part-time or have flexible working hours.

Technology allows people to work from home.

Many companies provide childcare facilities.

A good work/life balance can raise job satisfaction.

Happy, healthy workers are more productive.

Technology and Work

Internet, fax, and mobile phone technologies have revolutionized working life.

Workers can communicate via e-mail, online networks, and video conferencing.

Technology can connect workers in different countries.

It gives people more freedom.

It can also save time and money.

Some people believe that offices could disappear in the future.

Virtual online offices may replace them.

Child Labour

In some countries, children are exploited.

They do repetitive jobs for very low pay.

Children are often used in agriculture and factory work.

The employment of children is prohibited in other countries.

Many people think that children should be free to enjoy their childhood.

Governments should make education a priority.

They should build new schools.

They should supply the resources to educate children.

Children need to be given the knowledge and skills for adult life.

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Example 2

Traffic Problems

Traffic congestion is caused by commuters traveling to work.

Most people live in the suburbs outside city centers.

Commuters tend to travel at the same time of day.

They tend to travel alone.

Cars and road space are not used efficiently.

This causes traffic jams during the rush hour.

Traffic Solutions

In order to reduce traffic, we should change our working habits.

The Internet can now be used to connect people.

More people could work from home.

Meetings can be held as video conferences.

Workers could be given flexible timetables.

Another solution would be to tax drivers.

Workers should share their cars and travel together.

In London, for example, there is a congestion charge.

This helps to raise money for better public transport.

Public transport needs to be reliable and efficient.

Positives of Public Transport

We need to reduce our dependence on cars.

Parking a car can be extremely difficult in big cities.

Well-designed transport systems are comfortable and convenient.

Modern public transport can be fast and cheap.

Public transport can help to reduce pollution in cities.

Investment in buses and trains will ease traffic congestion.

Buses can be given special lanes to avoid traffic.

Negatives of Public Transport

Public transport is often slow and unreliable.

Metro systems and trains are often dirty and crowded.

People feel like “sardines in a can”.

Cars are much more comfortable.

Road Safety

Driving while tired or drunk is extremely dangerous.

Mobile phones can be a dangerous distraction for drivers.

They draw the driver’s attention away from the road.

The use of phones while driving has been banned in many countries.

Punishments are becoming stricter.

Television campaigns are used to remind people to drive safely.

Speed cameras have become more common.

Speed bumps are another form of traffic calming.

Many streets are designed with the aim of slowing traffic down.

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